Etudes scientifiques

Immune System

Bibliography

Applied topically, Pycnogenol^® significantly reduces UVB radiation induced-erythema, the procyanidins are the protecting factors.
Blazso, G., Rohdewald, P., Sibbel, R. and Gabor, M. (1995)Anti-inflammatory activities of procyanidin-containing extracts from Pinus pinaster sol. Proceedings of the International Bioflavonoid Symposium, Vienna, Austria, ed. Antus, S., Gabor, M. and Vetschera, K. July 16-19, 1995, pages 231-238.

Oral administration of Pycnogenol^® is able to delay and to reduce skin cancer following UV radiation.
Kyriazi, M., Yova, D., Rallis, M and Lima A. (2005)Cancer chemopreventive effects of Pinus maritima bark extract on ultraviolet radiation and ultraviolet radiation -7,12 dimethylbenz(a) anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis of hairless mice. Cancer Letters 237: 234-241.

Pycnogenol^® activates in vitro macrophages to kill more effectively invading bacteria.
Shah, V., Bayeta, E. and Lau, B.H.S. (2002)Pycnogenol^® augments macrophage phagocytosis and cytokine secretionPakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(5): 196-201.

Pycnogenol^® applied after sunburn inhibits UV-induced suppression of immune system.
Sime, S. and Reeve, V.E. (2004)Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol^®.Photochemistry & Photobiology, 79(2): 193-198.

Pycnogenol^® applied topically after sunburn inhibits photocarcinogenesis.
Sime, S. and Reeve, V.E. (2004)Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol^®.Photochemistry & Photobiology, 79(2): 193-198.

Pycnogenol^® enhances the activity of the immune system in mice infected with a leukemia-causing retrovirus. Pycnogenol^® increases the natural killer cell cytotoxicity.
Cheshier, J.E., Ardestani-Kaboudanian, S., Liang B., Araghi Niknam, M., Chung, S., Lane, L., Castro, A. and Watson, R.R. (1996)Immunomodulation by Pycnogenol^® in retro-virus infected or ethanol-fed mice. Life Sci., 58(5): 87-96.

Pycnogenol^® increases TNF-? secretion in the macrophage system in a concentration and time dependent manner indicating that it acts as modulator of the immune response in macrophages.
Park, Y.C., Rimbach, G., Saliou, C., Valacchi, G. and Packer, L. (2000)Activity of monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric flavonoids on NO production, TNF-alpha secretion, and NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. FEBS Letters, 465: 93-97.

Pycnogenol^® inhibits key triggers of inflammation.
Grimm, T., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., Högger, P. (2006)Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol^®).Journal of Inflammation, 3: 1, 1-6

Pycnogenol^® inhibits the most important pro-inflammatory enzymes, signalizing Pycnogenol's bioavailability.
Schäfer A, Chovanová Z, Muchová J, Sumegová K, Liptáková A, Duracková Z, Högger P. (2005)Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol^®).Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 60:5-9.

Pycnogenol^® inhibits UV-induced erythema in humans. This effect was concentration dependent indicating the beneficial effects of Pycnogenol^® in skin disorders induced by UV radiation.
Saliou, C., Rimbach, G., Moini, H., McLaughlin, L., Hosseini, S., Lee, J., Watson R.R. and Packer, L. (2001)Solar ultraviolet-induced erythema in human skin and nuclear factor-kappa-B-dependent gene expression in keratinocytes are modulated by French maritime pine bark extract.Free Radical Biol. & Med., 30 (2): 154-160

Pycnogenol^® produces an anti-oedema effect in two different models. Topical application of Pycnogenol^® gel protects the skin against UV radiation.
Blazso, G., Gabor, M. and Rohdewald, P. (1997)Antiinflammatory activities of procyanidin containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral and cutaneous application.Pharmazie, 52 (5): 380-382.

Pycnogenol^® protects intestinal mucosa against radiotherapy induced damage: histo-morphological evidence in rats.
Ramos, F.M., Schönlau, F., Novaes, P.D., Manzi, F.R., Bóscolo, F.N. Almeida, S.M. (2006)Pycnogenol^® protects against ionizing radiation as shown in the intestinal mucosa of rats exposed to X-rays.(Submitted in PTR)

Pycnogenol^® scavenges superoxide radicals in vitro and inhibits oedema in vivo. The anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities are closely correlated.
Blazso, G., Gabor, M., Sibbel, R. and Rohdewald, P. (1994)Anti-inflammatory and superoxide radical scavenging activities of a procyanidins containing extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster sol. and its fractions.Pharm. Parmacol. Lett., 3: 217-220.

Pycnogenol^® selectively kills cancerous human mammary cells (MCF-7), without affecting the normal mammary cells (MCF-10).
Huynh, H.T. and Teel R.W. (2000)Selective induction of apoptosis in human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) by Pycnogenol^®.Anticancer Research, 20: 2417-2420.

Pycnogenol^® shows beneficial effects in case of lupus erythematosus
Stefanescu, M., Matache, C., Onu, A., Tanaseanu, S., Dragomir, C., Constantinescu, I., Schönlau, F., Rohdewald, P., Szegli G. (2001)Pycnogenol^® Efficacy in the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Eythematosus PatientsPhytotherapy Research, 15: 698-704

Pycnogenol^® slows down the aging related process of decline in the activities of immune- and blood cells generating systems and restores their functions to normal.
Liu, F.J., Zhang, Y.X. and Lau B.H.S. (1998)Pycnogenol^® enhances immune and haemopoietic functions in senescence-accelerated mice.CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci., 54: 1168-1172.

Pycnogenol's® beneficial effects in a series of painful conditions as stiff shoulder, endometriosis, herniated disc.
Kohama, T. (2004)Nutritional supplements in clinical practice. Progressive Medicine 24: 1503-1510.

The tissue destroying enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases) collagenase, elastase and gelatinase are inhibited in vitro. Release of these enzymes from inflammatory cells is also inhibited by Pycnogenol^® and its metabolites.
Grimm, T., Schäfer, A. and Högger, P. (2004)Antioxidant activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases by metabolites of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol^®).Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, 36(6): 811-822.

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